A comprehensive collection of basic knowledge in water treatment

1.001 × 7 resin is a strong acid cation exchange resin.

2. Regular boiler discharge is mainly to discharge (water slag).

The exchange process of an ion exchanger is essentially the process of gradually moving down the (working) layer.

4. The combination of strong and weak alkaline resins, weak anion resins exchange strong acid ions, and strong anion resins exchange (weak acid ions).

The chemical name of Na3PO4 is trisodium phosphate.

6. The filling ratio of anion and cation resin in the mixed bed (anion: cation=2:1).

There are two types of boiler discharge methods: continuous discharge and (fixed discharge).

8. Heating temperature control range of anion resin regeneration solution (30-45 ℃).

9. The resin layer of the operating exchanger can be divided into failure layer, working layer, and (protective layer).

When the weak base anion exchanger fails, the first thing that leaks is (chloride ion).

When the strong alkaline anion exchanger fails, the first thing that leaks is (hydrogen silicate).

During the filtration process, impurities in the water come into contact with the filter material and undergo surface adsorption (mechanical retention).

13. The total mass of the substances participating in a chemical reaction is equal to the total mass of the substances generated after the reaction, and this law is called the law of conservation of mass.

14. The unit of conductivity is（ μ S/cm).

16. The resin is composed of two parts: a skeleton and (active groups).

17. Impurities in natural water are classified by particle size into suspended solids, colloids, and (dissolved impurities).

18. Dissolved oxygen corrosion occurs in thermal equipment, and the most severe part is in the (water supply) system.

19. Chemical oxygen demand is generally represented by the symbol (COD).

The molecular formula of sulfuric acid is (H2SO4).

21. There are two methods for deoxygenation of water supply: thermal deoxygenation and chemical deoxygenation.

22. Ammonia addition to water supply is to increase the pH of the water supply and prevent acid corrosion of the pipeline caused by CO2.

Adding hydrazine to 23 feedwater is to remove residual oxygen from the feedwater after thermal deoxygenation, which may cause oxygen corrosion to the pipeline.

24. Safety refers to the state where there is no danger or accident.

Work carried out at a height of (2) meters or more above the ground should be considered as high-altitude operations.

The main function of mixed bed backwashing (separation of anion and cation resins).

29. The resin model is 201 × 7, where 2 indicates that the resin is (strongly alkaline).

In a mixed ion exchanger, the cation and anion resins are layered based on different densities.

31. Anion resin should prevent oil and (organic) pollution.

To prevent the deterioration of the anion resin, it is necessary to remove the oxidant from the incoming water.

The safety production management policy determined by the Safety Production Law is (safety first, prevention first).

The regeneration process of ion exchange resin is actually a reverse reaction of desalination and water production.

35. For motors that have been shut down for more than 15 days, electrical operators should be contacted for insulation testing before starting.

The vibration value of a metering pump with a speed of 200-400r/min should be less than (0.15) mm.

When the temperature of the pump motor and bearings exceeds (75) ℃, the standby equipment should be started and the heating equipment should be stopped from running.

40. The basis for determining the endpoint of the backwashing layering of the mixed bed cation and anion resins is that there is a clear layering line for the cation and anion resins.

If the separation boundary of the mixed bed cation and anion resin backwashing is not clear, the mixed bed should be fed with a 1-2% concentration (NaOH) solution and then re layered.

42. After a new or overhauled pump is put into operation (2 weeks), if it is lubricated with oil, the oil should be changed once, and if it is lubricated with solid oil, it should be replenished once. Afterwards, the oil should be changed every 3 months. This work will be notified by the operation department for maintenance to be completed.

43. The vibration of a centrifugal pump with a speed less than 1800 rpm should be less than (0.7mm), and the vibration of a centrifugal pump with a speed between 1800-4500 rpm should be less than (0.06mm).

The main factors that affect the operation of filters are backwash time, intensity, filtration rate, and uniformity of water flow.

45. The main factors affecting the effectiveness of coagulation treatment include water temperature, pH value of water, (dosage) raw water quality, and contact medium.

46. The water quality index of desalinated water is YD (≈ 0 μ Mol/L), SiO2 (≤ 20 μ G/L, DD (≤ 0.2 μ S/cm),

47. During low phosphate treatment, the phosphate content is controlled at (0.5-3mg/L), the pH value is controlled at (9.0-9.8), and the conductivity is controlled at (60us/cm).

48. Low phosphate treatment can alleviate or eliminate the phenomenon of hidden phosphate in boilers.

49. When starting the dosing metering pump, the outlet valve must be opened first, and then the pump must be started.

When stopping the dosing metering pump, the (stop) button must be pressed first before closing the (outlet valve).

There are two types of boiler discharge methods: continuous discharge and periodic discharge.

The purpose of ammonia treatment in water supply is to increase the pH value of water supply and prevent carbon dioxide corrosion of water supply pipelines.

When measuring the quality of feedwater, condensate, and steam using an online conductivity meter, the water sample needs to be first treated with a hydrogen ion exchange column.

55. Regular discharge should be carried out at intervals according to the boiler operating regulations. Regular discharge should be carried out by the (boiler) profession and supervised by the (chemistry) profession.

56. During normal operation, adjust the dosage of the ammonia pump in a timely manner based on the pH value of the feedwater, and control the pH value of the feedwater within the range of (8.8~9.3).

There are two main reasons for steam pollution: mechanical transport and dissolution transport.

58. When regenerating in a floating bed, the direction of the regeneration liquid is (from top to bottom), which can better ensure that the resin layer is in a stable and solid state compared to a fixed bed, and there will be no (disordered layer) phenomenon.

59. When soaking dry resin, it is not advisable to soak it in pure water. Generally, it is common to soak it in saturated salt water to prevent the resin from cracking due to swelling and dissolution.

60. The connecting pipe is generally installed below the normal water level of the steam drum (200-300mm).

61. The process condensate iron removal filter uses a porous filter element to retain suspended impurities. When the resistance increases to a certain value, it is backwashed with water and air.

There are two methods for removing dissolved gases in water: thermal deoxygenation method and chemical agent method. 63. My device (ultrafiltration) and (reverse osmosis) share a set of chemical cleaning systems.

64. "Two tickets" refer to (work ticket) and (operation ticket).

65. If the backwash layering is not obvious during mixed bed regeneration, a small amount of (alkali) can be added appropriately.

66. Reverse osmosis RO chemical cleaning is divided into (alkaline washing) and (acid washing).

67. The amount of resin filled in the exchanger is calculated by multiplying the volume of resin filled in the commonly used exchanger with (wet apparent density).

69. The commonly referred hardness includes (carbonate) hardness and (non carbonate) hardness

70. When the anion bed has been put into operation, the mixed bed should be started by opening the (exhaust valve) and (inlet valve) first. After the water is discharged, the mixed bed (lower discharge valve) should be opened and the exhaust air valve should be closed. When the water quality is qualified after flushing, the (production water valve) should be opened and the (lower discharge valve) should be closed and put into operation.

Untreated water is called (raw water), while water that removes hard salts such as calcium and magnesium from the water is called (softened water).

73. The chemical water treatment device monitors the TOC of the process condensate. Unqualified water is directly discharged into the wastewater collection tank and does not enter the subsequent treatment system.

75. Activated carbon filters mainly adsorb (organic matter) and (residual chlorine) from water.

77. The indicators that characterize steam quality are (silicon) and (sodium).

There are two methods for supplementing water treatment in power plants: chemical treatment and heating treatment.

82. The coagulation test generally requires the determination of (optimal dosage) and (optimal pH value).

83. When the anion bed has been put into operation, the mixed bed should be started by opening the (exhaust valve) and (inlet valve) first. After the water is discharged, the mixed bed (lower discharge valve) should be opened and the exhaust air valve should be closed. When the water quality is qualified after flushing, the (production water valve) should be opened and the (lower discharge valve) should be closed for operation.

84. Filtering can be divided into two types: mechanical filtration and adsorption filtration.

85. Low phosphate treatment is suitable for (long-term hardness free water supply) treatment.

88. Low phosphate treatment can alleviate or eliminate the phenomenon of hidden phosphate in boilers.

89. The purpose of using acid mist absorbers is to avoid environmental pollution.

Sampling devices for deoxygenated water, feedwater, boiler water, steam, and drainage must be installed with (coolers).

91. The continuous discharge rate of the boiler shall not be less than (0.30%).

The purpose of continuous pollution discharge is to discharge (suspended impurities) and (high salt content furnace water) from the furnace water.

When the inlet water temperature of reverse osmosis is high, the desalination rate will decrease and the recovery rate will increase. When the inlet water temperature is low, the recovery rate will decrease.

In order to prevent the loss of resin in the ion exchanger, a resin trap is generally installed on the outlet pipeline of the mixed bed as a preventive measure.

In reverse osmosis, the function of a semi permeable membrane is to only allow (water) to pass through, and not to allow (salt) ions or molecules to pass through.

96. The self-cleaning filter is a fully imported product, which can operate automatically by controlling the power supply. When running for a certain period of time or pressure difference, it is possible to use (self-produced water) for backwashing. During backwashing, the raw water pump (continues to operate) does not make any changes or stop.

97. "Three violations" refer to: illegal command, illegal operation, and (violation of labor discipline).

During the normal operation of the anion bed, the monitoring items are generally the conductivity and silicon content of the effluent.

99. For anion exchangers, the higher the inlet water (acidity), the better.

100. (Pneumatic diaphragm valve) is composed of two parts: diaphragm valve and pneumatic actuator.

The key reason for poor regeneration of mixed ion exchangers is the poor effect of backwashing and layering.

102. The pH value is the negative logarithm of the (H -) concentration.

103. Unqualified dissolved oxygen in feedwater can be considered as poor operating conditions of the deaerator.

104. If the water pump does not supply water and the outlet pressure gauge indicates a large pressure, after eliminating the valve cause, it should be considered that there is a blockage in the outlet pipe.

The main reason for the deterioration of cationic resin is that it is easily corroded by oxidants. The higher the permeability of the reverse osmosis membrane, the greater its desalination rate.

107. When selecting ion exchange resin, the more uniform the particles of the resin, the better. 108. Positive resin often has a lower wet true density than negative resin.

109. For boiler steam drums, poor water quality can cause scaling, salt accumulation, and (metal corrosion) faults in the water vapor system.

110. Ammonia treatment of water supply may cause corrosion of copper pipes if the amount of ammonia added is too large.

111. When the boiler load increases sharply, the PO43- in the boiler water decreases, and the alkalinity of phenolphthalein increases, it is due to the temporary disappearance of salts.

When the cation exchanger fails, there will be a temporary (decrease) in conductivity.

113. The pH value of desalinated water is generally between 6.5 and 7.5.

Generally speaking, the chemical stability of anion resin is worse than that of cation resin.

116. The lower the crosslinking degree value of ion exchange resin, the higher the moisture content of the resin, and the stronger its anti pollution performance.

117. Phosphate treatment can both prevent corrosion and prevent scaling.

When the pH of water is ≥ 8.3, it indicates that CO2 is not present in natural water.

119. After being contaminated with iron, aluminum, and their oxides, the color of ion exchange resin (darkens).

The most common metal ions that form the hardness of water in natural water are (Ca2+, Mg2+).

121. In natural water, the alkalinity of water is mainly composed of salts of (HCO3-).

122. Substances usually have three aggregation states, namely (solid), (liquid), and (gas). Under certain conditions, these three states can also transform into each other.

The reaction between acid and base to form salt and water is a (neutralization) reaction.

124. The solution is composed of (solvent) and (solute).

A solution that can resist pH changes when adding strong acids or bases is called a buffer solution.

126. pH=7 indicates that water is (neutral), pH<7 indicates that water is (acidic), and pH>7 indicates that water is (alkaline).

The smaller the pH value, the higher the concentration of (hydrogen) ions.

In redox reactions, the substance that loses electrons is called a reducing agent, and the substance that gains electrons is called an oxidizing agent.

The pH value of a solution is equal to its (negative pair) hydrogen ion concentration.

The purpose of filling a certain height of inert white balls into the floating bed is to protect the resin and prevent the clogging of the water outlet device by broken resin.

When the water pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the floating bed reaches (0.2) Mpa or above, the resin should be cleaned.

132. After the boiler is ignited, when the pressure rises to (1.0MPa), start the phosphate dosing pump and start dosing the boiler water. When the furnace water has hardness, the phosphate content in the furnace water should be controlled within the upper limit.

133. After ignition of the boiler, when the pressure rises to (1.0MPa), it will be continuously discharged and put into operation; If the furnace water becomes cloudy during visual inspection, it should be discharged appropriately.

During normal operation, the oil level in the oil chamber of the metering pump should be within (1/3 to 2/3) of the oil window.

135. The online instrument cabinet is equipped with an automatic constant temperature device to maintain the water sample temperature at (25+2 ℃).

136. When the unit is started, the impurity content in each water sample is high, and it is necessary to take samples of each steam and water for (discharge).

137. Add ammonia solution to the feed water of the deaerator downcomer.

138. When the unit is running normally, the ammonia pump should maintain (continuous) operation.

139. When the stroke of the ammonia pump is adjusted to be very small, but the pH value of the feed water is still high, the operating personnel need to dilute the ammonia solution in the ammonia solution box with water.

There are two main reasons for steam pollution: first, it is carried by dissolution.

141. Increasing the temperature of the regeneration solution can increase the degree of regeneration, mainly to accelerate the speed of internal diffusion and membrane diffusion.

142. There is a certain relationship between the conductivity of water samples and their temperature. As the temperature of the water sample increases, the conductivity of the water sample will (increase), and as the temperature of the water sample decreases, the conductivity of the water sample will (decrease).

143. The speed of reaction is not only related to the chemical properties of the reactants themselves, but also to reactions such as temperature, concentration, and catalyst